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<title>French Historical Studies</title>
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<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/527?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Is It Really Over? The French Revolution Twenty Years after the Bicentennial]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/527?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Shank, J. B.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is It Really Over? The French Revolution Twenty Years after the Bicentennial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>530</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>527</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Introduction</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/531?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Paths to Revolution: The Old Regime Correspondence of Five Future Revolutionaries]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/531?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This study is based on a close reading of five of the relatively rare series of correspondence by future revolutionaries written during the ten to twenty years preceding 1789. It seeks to determine at what point these individuals began to make critical judgments about the political situation in the kingdom and to think of themselves as potential political players. It also asks what influences&mdash;cultural, social, political, or other&mdash;were most important in shaping their judgments. It concludes that while the five followed somewhat different itineraries, the period 1787&ndash;89 was critical in the emergence of a revolutionary mentality. The cultural and social experiences of the Old Regime were probably less important for these individuals than political circumstances that they never anticipated and over which they had no control.</p>
 
<p>Cette &eacute;tude se base sur une lecture de cinq s&eacute;ries de correspondance r&eacute;dig&eacute;es par de futurs r&eacute;volutionnaires pendant les dix &agrave; vingt ann&eacute;es qui pr&eacute;c&egrave;dent 1789. Il s'agit de d&eacute;terminer &agrave; quel moment ces cinq personnes commencent &agrave; faire des jugements critiques sur la situation politique du royaume et &agrave; quel moment ils commencent &agrave; se consid&eacute;rer comme participants aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements qui se d&eacute;roulent. Il s'agit &eacute;galement de pr&eacute;ciser les influences&mdash;culturelles, sociales, politiques ou autres&mdash;qui ont le plus transform&eacute; leurs opinions. On conclut que la p&eacute;riode 1787&ndash;89 est belle et bien critique &agrave; la naissance d'une mentalit&eacute; r&eacute;volutionnaire&mdash;bien que chacun des cinq ait pu suivre un itin&eacute;raire quelque peu diff&eacute;rent. Les exp&eacute;riences culturelles et sociales de l'Ancien R&eacute;gime sont sans doute beaucoup moins importantes dans cette transformation que les circonstances politiques de la p&eacute;riode pr&eacute;r&eacute;volutionnaire, circonstances que les cinq futurs r&eacute;volutionnaires n'ont pas du tout anticip&eacute;es.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Tackett, T.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paths to Revolution: The Old Regime Correspondence of Five Future Revolutionaries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>554</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>531</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/555?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Mountain, Become a Volcano: The Image of the Volcano in the Rhetoric of the French Revolution]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/555?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article establishes a relationship between the language of natural history and the political rhetoric of the French Revolution by tracing the iconography of the volcano throughout the revolutionary period. The volcano's connotations transformed with specific changes in the political realm. During the early years of the Revolution, it symbolized the potential for unbridled force and destruction. Yet for a brief period that began with the call for terror as the order of the day, the volcano became a positive symbol of revolutionary transformation, emblematic of patriotic passion and republican virtue.</p>
 
<p>En analysant l'iconographie du volcan pendant l'&eacute;poque r&eacute;volutionnaire, cet article &eacute;tablit l'existence d'un lien entre le langage de l'histoire naturelle et la rh&eacute;torique politique de la R&eacute;volution fran&ccedil;aise. Les variations au milieu politique ont provoqu&eacute; des variations dans les connotations du &laquo; volcan &raquo;, un symbole &eacute;quivoque pendant les premi&egrave;res ann&eacute;es de la R&eacute;volution. A cette &eacute;poque-l&agrave;, le volcan symbolisait les forces d&eacute;brid&eacute;es et la destruction potentielle. N&eacute;anmoins, pendant une courte p&eacute;riode qui a commenc&eacute; au moment o&ugrave; on instaure la Terreur &agrave; l'ordre du jour, le volcan est devenu un symbole &agrave; connotations positives, qui repr&eacute;sentait la transformation r&eacute;volutionnaire, les passions patriotiques et la vertu r&eacute;publicaine.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Miller, M. A.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mountain, Become a Volcano: The Image of the Volcano in the Rhetoric of the French Revolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>585</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>555</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/587?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Napoleon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799-1803]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/587?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>It is generally assumed that the expedition that Napol&eacute;on Bonaparte sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti) in December 1801 was largely prompted by lobbying on the part of exiled planters and that it aimed at restoring slavery in this colony. Yet a careful analysis of French, British, and American published and archival sources paints a much more nuanced picture. French officials, including Bonaparte and the expedition's first captain general, Victoire Leclerc, paid little attention to the wishes of the planters. Their policies were largely dictated by the difficult political and military environment prevalent in Saint-Domingue. Strategic requirements prompted them to adapt a moderate, pragmatic policy that preserved Toussaint-Louverture's semifree cultivator system, and they never called, either officially or in private, for an immediate restoration of slavery in Saint-Domingue.</p>
 
<p>On tient g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement pour acquis que Napol&eacute;on Bonaparte envoya l'exp&eacute;dition de Saint-Domingue &agrave; Ha&iuml;ti en d&eacute;cembre 1801 pour satisfaire le lobby des planteurs, et que le premier consul avait comme objectif le r&eacute;tablissement de l'esclavage. En r&eacute;alit&eacute;, les &eacute;crits des colons, de m&ecirc;me que les documents manuscrits conserv&eacute;s aux archives nationales, militaires et coloniales en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, dressent un tableau beaucoup plus nuanc&eacute; de la politique coloniale sous le Consulat. Bonaparte et le capitaine g&eacute;n&eacute;ral de l'exp&eacute;dition, Victoire Leclerc, loin d'&ecirc;tre inf&eacute;od&eacute;s aux demandes des colons, r&eacute;pondaient en fait aux difficult&eacute;s politiques et militaires rencontr&eacute;es pendant la reconqu&ecirc;te de Saint-Domingue. Ces crit&egrave;res strat&eacute;giques les incit&egrave;rent &agrave; adopter une politique mod&eacute;r&eacute;e et pragmatique pr&eacute;servant le syst&egrave;me de semi-libert&eacute; agricole qui avait pr&eacute;valu sous Toussaint Louverture et il n'y eut jamais, ni en public, ni en priv&eacute;, de plan bien d&eacute;fini visant &agrave; r&eacute;tablir imm&eacute;diatement l'esclavage &agrave; Saint-Domingue.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Girard, P. R.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Napoleon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799-1803]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>618</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>587</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/619?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA["Ma volonte est celle du peuple": Voting in the Plebiscite and Parliamentary Elections during Napoleon's Hundred Days, April-May 1815]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/619?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>Histories of the Hundred Days, which followed Napol&eacute;on's bold and unexpected return from exile on Elba in 1815, have generally neglected the response of the French people, concentrating instead on the resurgent emperor himself and his definitive defeat at Waterloo. This study, part of a project exploring the elections of the Napoleonic period, aims to redress the balance by examining how French males voted in the plebiscite and parliamentary elections that accompanied this brief but vital period. It will not only map the lasting contours of Bonapartism but also suggest that the Hundred Days carried great significance, in terms of both forging the Napoleonic legend and entrenching a culture of voting in postrevolutionary France.</p>
 
<p>L'histoire des Cent-Jours en 1815, la p&eacute;riode qui suit le retour &agrave; la fois audacieux et inattendu de Napol&eacute;on de son exil sur l'&icirc;le d'Elbe, n&eacute;glige en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral la r&eacute;ponse du peuple fran&ccedil;ais pour concentrer sur le personnage de l'empereur et sa d&eacute;faite militaire &agrave; Waterloo. Cette &eacute;tude, qui fait partie d'un projet consacr&eacute; aux &eacute;lections de l'&egrave;re napol&eacute;onienne, cherche &agrave; r&eacute;tablir l'&eacute;quilibre en examinant comment les Fran&ccedil;ais votaient dans le pl&eacute;biscite et les &eacute;lections l&eacute;gislatives organis&eacute;es au cours de cet &eacute;v&eacute;nement bref, mais bien significatif. Elle dresse la carte des contours durables du bonapartisme et, en m&ecirc;me temps, souligne la grande importance des Cent-Jours qui &eacute;tablit la l&eacute;gende napol&eacute;onienne et renforce la culture du vote dans la France postr&eacute;volutionnaire.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Crook, M.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Ma volonte est celle du peuple": Voting in the Plebiscite and Parliamentary Elections during Napoleon's Hundred Days, April-May 1815]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>645</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>619</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

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<title><![CDATA[The Shifting Landscape of Revolutionary Interpretations: A Death of the Past and a Rebirth of History?]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/647?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andress, D.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Shifting Landscape of Revolutionary Interpretations: A Death of the Past and a Rebirth of History?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>653</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>647</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/655?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[An Atlantic Revolution]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/655?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dubois, L.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Atlantic Revolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>661</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>655</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/663?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[The New Jacobins]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/663?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hesse, C.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The New Jacobins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>670</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>663</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/671?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[The Experience of Revolution]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/671?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hunt, L.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Experience of Revolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>678</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>671</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/679?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Twenty Years After]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/679?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jones, C.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Twenty Years After]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>687</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>679</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/689?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Reflexions sur les evolutions historiographiques depuis le bicentenaire de la Revolution francaise]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/689?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Martin, J.-C.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reflexions sur les evolutions historiographiques depuis le bicentenaire de la Revolution francaise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>696</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>689</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
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<title><![CDATA[Thinking about Feeling, 1789-1799]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/697?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Rosenfeld, S.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thinking about Feeling, 1789-1799]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>706</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>697</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Forum</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/707?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[News]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/707?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-4-707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[News]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>708</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>707</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/709?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Recent Books and Dissertations on French History]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/4/709?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sussman, S.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-4-709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent Books and Dissertations on French History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>731</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>709</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/343?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Introduction]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/343?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ford, C., Whited, T. L.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>352</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>343</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Front Matter</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/353?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[The Transformation of Traditional Woodland Management: Commercial Sylviculture in Medieval Champagne]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/353?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This essay argues that high medieval economic growth in Champagne and elsewhere in northern France encouraged a switch in the primary focus of woodland management from extensive silvo-pastoralism to intensive small wood production. For the first time in the thirteenth century, coppicing, short cycles of cutting and regeneration of trees capable of resprouting from stumps or trunks, came to dominate sylviculture as an intensively managed, market-oriented system, one that lasted for centuries. This essay thus provides a wider context for the late medieval and early modern French state's role in shaping forest exploitation. Royal officials did not so much innovate as respond to new market opportunities by appropriating and generalizing practices that had long existed in many regions. Before the sixteenth century few educated experts ventured into the details of woodland management, which remained largely the preserve of nonelite peasants, foresters, and woodmongers, the bearers of a traditional, orally transmitted ecological knowledge.</p>
 
<p>Cet essai soutient qu'en Champagne et ailleurs dans la France du Nord la croissance &eacute;conomique du Moyen Age classique a encourag&eacute; un changement dans l'exploitation foresti&egrave;re du pastoralisme extensif &agrave; la production intensive du bois. Pour la premi&egrave;re fois au treizi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle le bois taillis, la coupe rapproch&eacute;e des arbres capables de rejeter des souches, a domin&eacute; la sylviculture en syst&egrave;me organis&eacute; pour le march&eacute; et ce-l&agrave; persistera pour des si&egrave;cles. Cet essai donne ainsi un contexte plus large au r&ocirc;le de l'Etat Fran&ccedil;ais tardo-m&eacute;di&eacute;vale et moderne dans le modelage de l'exploitation foresti&egrave;re. Les fonctionnaires royaux ont moins innov&eacute; que r&eacute;agi aux nouvelles opportunit&eacute;s commerciales par l'appropriation et la g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation des pratiques qui existaient depuis longtemps. Jusqu'au seizi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, peu de sp&eacute;cialistes form&eacute;s &agrave; l'universit&eacute; ont abord&eacute; l'exploitation foresti&egrave;re, qui est rest&eacute;e principalement le domaine des simples paysans, forestiers, et marchands, porteurs d'un savoir &eacute;cologique populaire.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Keyser, R.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Transformation of Traditional Woodland Management: Commercial Sylviculture in Medieval Champagne]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>384</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>353</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/385?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[To Historicize or Naturalize Nature: Hydraulic Communities and Administrative States in Nineteenth-Century Europe]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/385?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article focuses on the discourses related to the management of water resources occurring in several regions of Europe after the French Revolution. Written by agronomists, engineers, and lawyers, these texts point to hydraulic societies. The writings of two authors are analyzed: those of Fran&ccedil;ois-Jacques Jaubert de Passa in France and those of Carlo Cattaneo in Italy. They refer to political and legal institutions and to systems of knowledge that were alternative to those put in place by the administrative states. They presented irrigation systems as edifices created over a long period of time: benefiting from empirical practices and from a technical culture that represented an alternative to that of state engineers, these edifices emerged as the expression of an equilibrium between society and its environment. In contrast to this narrative, state engineers transmitted a naturalized vision of water to support the claims of states on these resources. I argue that the nineteenth century corresponds with a face-to-face vision of nature, the historical one versus the natural one.</p>
 
<p>Cet article identifie une s&eacute;rie de textes sur le gouvernement du territoire et des eaux qui paraissent apr&egrave;s la R&eacute;volution fran&ccedil;aise dans plusieurs r&eacute;gions d'Europe. Ces textes d&eacute;fendent des <I>institutions politiques et juridiques</I> et des <I>dispositifs de savoirs</I> alternatifs &agrave; ceux mis alors en place par les Etats administratifs. L'analyse porte sur deux auteurs qui d&eacute;crivent des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s hydrauliques: Fran&ccedil;ois-Jacques Jaubert de Passa en France et Carlo Cattaneo en Italie pr&eacute;sentent les syst&egrave;mes irrigu&eacute;s comme des &eacute;difices &eacute;labor&eacute;s dans la tr&egrave;s longue dur&eacute;e. Construits &agrave; la faveur de pratiques et d'une culture technique alternative &agrave; celle des ing&eacute;nieurs d'Etat, ces &eacute;difices apparaissent comme l'expression d'un &eacute;quilibre entre une soci&eacute;t&eacute; et son environnement. En historicisant ces descriptions ethnographiques, le contexte de leur &eacute;laboration et de leur circulation, cet article propose d'identifier les tensions qui s'expriment dans un long dixneuvi&egrave;me si&egrave;cle entre des d&eacute;finitions alternatives de la nature, une nature historicis&eacute;e et socialis&eacute;e et une nature naturalis&eacute;e, ouvrant chacune &agrave; des formes politiques et &agrave; des syst&egrave;mes de droits diff&eacute;rents.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Ingold, A.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To Historicize or Naturalize Nature: Hydraulic Communities and Administrative States in Nineteenth-Century Europe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>417</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>385</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/419?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[The Natures of Nation: Negotiating Modernity in the Landes de Gascogne]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/419?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article examines the transformation of the Landes de Gascogne in southwestern France. Once dominated by a sparse agropastoral landscape, the region underwent an intense program of pine forestation in the second half of the nineteenth century. The engineered forest, however, quickly escaped the grasp of the administrators, engineers, and local property owners who helped create it. Catastrophic fires plagued the monoculture pine stands, and by the end of the 1940s almost half of the woodlands had been destroyed. By focusing on the complex conflicts and negotiations that marked the origins of the Landais forests, this article presents a case study in the environmental dimensions of state making in modern France. It demonstrates how local and state claims over, first, the pastoral landes and, later, the industrial woodlands, prove difficult to disentangle and suggests the importance of an ambivalent discourse of marginality to the exercise and negotiation of authority in the modern nation-state.</p>
 
<p>Cet article examine la transformation des <I>Landes de Gascogne</I>, une r&eacute;gion qui s'&eacute;tend sur trois d&eacute;partements du sud-ouest de la France. Jadis couverte de vastes landes qui soutenaient une soci&eacute;t&eacute; agropastorale, la campagne s'&eacute;tait transform&eacute;e par le boisement des pins apr&egrave;s 1850, un grand projet amorc&eacute; par le gouvernement du Second Empire. Cependant, la nouvelle for&ecirc;t a &eacute;chapp&eacute; rapidement &agrave; l'emprise de ses cr&eacute;ateurs: les administrateurs, les ing&eacute;nieurs et les propri&eacute;taires. Frapp&eacute;e par une s&eacute;rie d'incendies catastrophiques, presque la moiti&eacute; de la for&ecirc;t se trouva d&eacute;truite &agrave; la fin des ann&eacute;es 1940. A travers une &eacute;tude des origines des for&ecirc;ts, cet article offre une analyse du r&ocirc;le de l'environnement dans l'&eacute;tatisation en France. L'article montre que les revendications locales et nationales sur, d'abord, les <I>landes</I> pastorales, et plus tard, la for&ecirc;t industrielle, s'av&eacute;raient difficiles &agrave; d&eacute;m&ecirc;ler. Un discours de marginalit&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; essentiel &agrave; la pratique et &agrave; la n&eacute;gociation d'autorit&eacute; dans l'Etat-nation moderne.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Temple, S.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Natures of Nation: Negotiating Modernity in the Landes de Gascogne]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>446</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>419</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/447?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[A Tasteful Patrimony? Landscape Preservation and Tourism in the Sites and Monuments Campaign, 1900-1935]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/447?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article analyzes the Touring Club de France's Sites and Monuments campaign as a nationwide initiative to define and secure the value of natural landscapes in the face of accelerated economic change in rural France. In its work of inventorying, representation, and associational intervention in Brittany, I argue, the campaign formalized recognition of both a national and tourist interest vis-&agrave;-vis the Breton natural landscape; the ethos of bourgeois stewardship (of national resources, regional identity, and taste) that it propagated, though, coexisted uneasily at specific sites with more local usages and dispositions. The effort to reconstitute the Breton (and French) natural environments failed ultimately to secure the value and meaning of landscapes as preservationists had intended. Recast as a patrimony and domain of consumption, that natural environment now played host to multiple and sometimes contradictory appropriations.</p>
 
<p>En traitant du projet de conservation &laquo; sites et monuments &raquo;, cet article analyse l'effet du tourisme sur l'environnement naturel en France, particuli&egrave;rement en Bretagne pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. Ce projet d'association et d'intervention a rassembl&eacute; un grand nombre de bourgeois (notamment dans les associations protectionnistes et touristiques) se donnant pour mission de faire reconna&icirc;tre et de sauvegarder la valeur des paysages fran&ccedil;ais. L'analyse des rapports d'activit&eacute;s d'organisations de protection et du tourisme, d'ouvrages consacr&eacute;s au tourisme et des photographies de sites r&eacute;v&egrave;le les liens intimes entre l'id&eacute;e de pr&eacute;servation et l'identit&eacute; et les aspirations d'une couche sociale en voie de d&eacute;veloppement sous la Troisi&egrave;me R&eacute;publique. Dans leur travail d'inventaire, d'action associative et de repr&eacute;sentation des sites et monuments naturels, les partisans de la conservation ont largement assur&eacute; la reconnaissance d'un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t national et touristique pour le paysage. De plus, ils se sont impos&eacute;s comme les protecteurs exclusifs du patrimoine r&eacute;gional et national et du bon go&ucirc;t.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Young, P.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Tasteful Patrimony? Landscape Preservation and Tourism in the Sites and Monuments Campaign, 1900-1935]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>477</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>447</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/479?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[A "Watery Desert" in Vichy France: The Environmental History of the Camargue Wetlands, 1940-1944]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/479?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article traces the environmental history of the Camargue wetlands in southern France during World War II. War, defeat, and occupation ushered in agricultural modernization, the establishment of military training grounds, and German submersion plans, all of which threatened constructions of the region as a pure, wild landscape as well as existing ecological conditions. Throughout the war the Soci&eacute;t&eacute; Nationale d'Acclimatation de France (SNAF) campaigned to save its nature reserve, engaging in actions that lay between resistance and collaboration. The SNAF was aided unwittingly by the Camargue's singular climate. This article supports Bruno Latour's call for a reconceptualization of historical agency that includes the nonhuman. It also exposes wider continuities in French environmental history and contributes to Vichy historiography and the burgeoning literature on war and the environment.</p>
 
<p>Cet article retrace l'histoire environnementale de la Camargue pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La guerre, la d&eacute;faite et l'Occupation sont &agrave; l'origine de la modernisation agricole, de l'&eacute;tablissement des champs de tir, et du projet allemand de faire submerger la Camargue. Ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements ont menac&eacute; l'image de la r&eacute;gion comme paysage pur et sauvage, ainsi que les conditions &eacute;cologiques existantes. Pendant tout ce temps, la Soci&eacute;t&eacute; nationale d'acclimatation de France (SNAF) tentait de sauver sa r&eacute;serve naturelle, par des actions qui se situaient entre r&eacute;sistance et collaboration. Le climat particulier de la Camargue a involontairement aid&eacute; la SNAF. Cet article soutient l'invitation de Bruno Latour &agrave; repenser l'agent historique en y incluant le non-humain tandis qu'il expose les structures plus larges de l'histoire environnementale fran&ccedil;aise et contribue &agrave; l'historiographie de la France de Vichy et &agrave; la litt&eacute;rature &eacute;mergente sur les rapports entre la guerre et l'environnement.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Pearson, C.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2009-006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A "Watery Desert" in Vichy France: The Environmental History of the Camargue Wetlands, 1940-1944]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>509</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>479</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/511?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[News]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/511?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-3-511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[News]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>511</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>511</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/513?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Recent Articles on French History]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/3/513?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Herubel, J.-P. V. M.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-3-513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent Articles on French History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>524</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>513</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/167?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[La guerre de Sept ans et ses consequences atlantiques: Kourou ou l'apparition d'un nouveau systeme colonial]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/167?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>La signature du trait&eacute; de Paris qui cl&ocirc;t en 1763 la guerre de Sept ans ruine d&eacute;finitivement le r&ecirc;ve d'une Am&eacute;rique fran&ccedil;aise. Souvent, &agrave; l'instar de Voltaire, on a consid&eacute;r&eacute; que la perte du Canada et de la Louisiane &eacute;tait n&eacute;gligeable, puisque l'on conservait les pr&eacute;cieuses &icirc;les &agrave; sucre. Cette opinion est contredite par un exemple magistral, l'exp&eacute;dition de Kourou de 1763. Cette exp&eacute;dition marque le d&eacute;sir de Choiseul, secr&eacute;taire d'Etat &agrave; la Marine, de faire de la Guyane un brillant contrepoint de la domination britannique au nord, et ainsi d'&eacute;tablir ce qu'il nomme &laquo; un syst&egrave;me d'Europe &raquo;. Cette volont&eacute;, et les agents qu'il emploie pour la concr&eacute;tiser, marque ce que repr&eacute;sentait, voire ce que pouvait apporter, un premier empire colonial fran&ccedil;ais dont on venait, tardivement, de prendre conscience.</p>
 
<p>The signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 put an end to the dream of a French America. The historiography of the period has often characterized the loss of Canada and the cession of Louisiana as negligible in the eyes of both the French population and the French government. The example of the 1763 Kourou expedition contradicts this view and demonstrates that the Duke of Choiseul intended to establish what he called "a system of Europe" in French Guyana. Choiseul's ambition was to make Guyana the counterpoint of British domination in North America. His intention and the means used to achieve it indicate what this first French colonial empire represented and its potential benefits, which were only belatedly acknowledged.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[de Borms, M. F. G.-T.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[La guerre de Sept ans et ses consequences atlantiques: Kourou ou l'apparition d'un nouveau systeme colonial]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>191</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>167</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/193?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Colonizing the Patrie: An Experiment Gone Wrong in Old Regime France]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/193?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article reconstructs a colonial experiment conducted in a quiet corner of Old Regime France. In 1773 a nobleman named the marquis de P&eacute;russe used the crown's money to settle fifteen hundred Acadian refugees&mdash;French-speaking, Catholic colonists expelled from the British province of Nova Scotia in 1755&mdash;on uncultivated lands near the town of Chatellerault in Poitou. After a few peaceful months, the project devolved into anarchy. Beset by threats and violence, most of the Acadians fled, eventually finding their way to Spanish Louisiana. P&eacute;russe's colony, I argue, collapsed as the result of a conspiracy engineered by a group of disgruntled Acadians and Anne-Robert Turgot, Louis XVI's controller-general of finances. Re-creating this "cabal" while making a fresh assessment of P&eacute;russe's vision of internal colonization, this article makes new connections between the politics of empire and political economy, revising in the process scholarly conceptions of France's late-eighteenth-century Atlantic world.</p>
 
<p>Cet article reconstitue une exp&eacute;rience coloniale men&eacute;e dans un lieu tranquille de l'Ancien R&eacute;gime. En 1773, le marquis de P&eacute;russe s'est servi des fonds de la Couronne pour implanter quinze cents Acadiens&mdash;colons francophones expuls&eacute;s de la Nouvelle-Ecosse en 1755&mdash;sur des terrains incultes pr&eacute;s de la ville de Ch&acirc;tellerault en Poitou. Apr&egrave;s quelques mois de paix, le projet est tomb&eacute; dans l'anarchie. La plupart des Acadiens prirent la fuite, &eacute;ventuellement gagnant la Louisiane espagnole. La colonie de P&eacute;russe &eacute;tait victime d'une conspiration tram&eacute;e par un groupe d'Acadiens m&eacute;contents et Anne-Robert Turgot, le premier contr&ocirc;leur g&eacute;n&eacute;ral des finances sous le r&egrave;gne de Louis XVI. En reconstituant l'histoire de cette &laquo; cabale &raquo; et la conception de la colonisation interne que le marquis de P&eacute;russe a anim&eacute;, cet article tresse de nouveaux liens entre l'imp&eacute;rialisme et l'&eacute;conomie politique, tout en r&eacute;visant les conceptions des sp&eacute;cialistes du monde atlantique fran&ccedil;ais &agrave; la fin du dix-huiti&egrave;me si&egrave;cle.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hodson, C.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colonizing the Patrie: An Experiment Gone Wrong in Old Regime France]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>222</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>193</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/223?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA["Un Imperialiste Liberal"? Jean-Baptiste Say on Colonies and the Extra-European World]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/223?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>Jean-Baptiste Say is remembered as the father of French economic liberalism and as the origin of a long line of French writers who opposed colonization on the basis of free-trade arguments. This article argues that because Say's commentators have primarily focused on his economic writings, they have misinterpreted his overall thought on colonies and on the extra-European world. Far from always defending the political independence of extra-European societies, Say put forward the same sort of argument in favor of European domination as his friend James Mill. By investigating Say's early writings and lesser-known texts, this article suggests that Say's colonial writings need to be reassessed in light of the specific intellectual and political context of the late eighteenth century. In doing so it also offers new insights into the intellectual origins of so-called French imperial liberalism.</p>
 
<p>On pr&eacute;sente souvent Jean-Baptiste Say comme un d&eacute;fenseur fran&ccedil;ais des doctrines lib&eacute;rales de l'&eacute;conomie politique anglaise. On lui attribue &eacute;galement l'origine d'une tradition fran&ccedil;aise d'opposition au colonialisme fond&eacute; sur des arguments &eacute;conomiques de libre-&eacute;change. Cet article sugg&egrave;re que les commentateurs de Say, parce qu'ils se sont principalement int&eacute;ress&eacute;s &agrave; ses &eacute;crits &eacute;conomiques, n'ont pas saisi la port&eacute;e g&eacute;n&eacute;rale de sa pens&eacute;e coloniale. Say n'a pas toujours d&eacute;fendu l'ind&eacute;pendance politique des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s non europ&eacute;ennes ; au contraire, il a parfois mis en avant les m&ecirc;mes arguments que son ami James Mill en faveur de la domination europ&eacute;enne dans le monde. A travers une analyse des &eacute;crits de jeunesse de Say, ainsi que de certains textes jusqu'ici n&eacute;glig&eacute;s, cet article consid&egrave;re les &eacute;crits coloniaux de Say &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re du contexte intellectuel et politique de la fin du dix-huiti&egrave;me si&egrave;cle. Ce faisant, il sugg&egrave;re de nouvelles perspectives pour l'&eacute;tude des origines de &laquo; l'imp&eacute;rialisme lib&eacute;ral &raquo; fran&ccedil;ais.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Plassart, A.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["Un Imperialiste Liberal"? Jean-Baptiste Say on Colonies and the Extra-European World]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>250</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>223</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/251?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[The Escape to Vincennes: Public Narratives and Political Meanings in the Ex-Ministers' Trial of 1830]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/251?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>The trial of the ministers of Charles X (December 15&ndash;21, 1830) was the last important event in the revolutionary year of 1830 and a defining moment for the regime: contemporaries feared that it might result in a renewal of the revolution and a new Terror. This essay makes three major arguments. First, the governing classes, both left and right, united in the goal of saving the lives of the ministers. Second, the trial split the parliamentary and extraparliamentary Left: the latter became more radical and revolutionary, while the former was deprived of valuable grassroots support. Third, the conservatives imposed their definition of the trial on the public discourse in a way meant to justify the increasing repression of the regime.</p>
 
<p>Le proc&egrave;s des ministres du Roi Charles X, qui eut lieu du 15 au 21 d&eacute;cembre 1830, constitua le dernier &eacute;v&eacute;nement de cette ann&eacute;e r&eacute;volutionnaire (1830). Pour reprendre une formule usit&eacute;e, il fut consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme &laquo; l'&eacute;cueil o&ugrave; l'ordre public viendrait se briser &raquo;, les classes gouvernantes craignant principalement le retour de la r&eacute;volution suivie d'une nouvelle terreur. Dans le contenu de cette &eacute;tude, nous d&eacute;veloppons trois points fondamentaux : en premier lieu, l'union des d&eacute;put&eacute;s de droite et de gauche dans le but de sauver les ministres. En deuxi&egrave;me lieu, la d&eacute;sunion de la gauche : la gauche parlementaire perdant le soutien de la rue et la gauche extraparlementaire se faisant r&eacute;volutionnaire. En troisi&egrave;me lieu, le triomphe dans le discours public de l'interpr&eacute;tation du proc&egrave;s des ministres par les conservateurs qui l'utiliseront pour justifier la r&eacute;pression grandissante du r&eacute;gime.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Harsin, J.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Escape to Vincennes: Public Narratives and Political Meanings in the Ex-Ministers' Trial of 1830]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>278</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>251</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/279?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA["The Harem Revealed" and the Islamic-French Family: Aline de Lens and a French Woman's Orient in Lyautey's Morocco]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/279?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>Aline R&eacute;veillaud de Lens (1881&ndash;1925) became a celebrated novelist, painter, patroness of native arts, and ethnographer during the French Protectorate in Morocco. The wife of a colonial officer, de Lens adopted Moroccan children and used them as ethnographic material for her orientalist novels. Her biography illustrates the culture of sociability between French colonials and Moroccans created by Resident General Hubert Lyautey's military protectorate government (1912&ndash;25) and the paradox of Lyautey's "respect" for Muslim culture. Unlike other women visitors to the harem (Edith Wharton, Lady Drummond Hay, Mary Wortley Montague, et al.), de Lens claimed to be a demi-musulmane herself and attempted to create a Franco-Muslim female social world and family. The simultaneity of her private journal and public art reveals the relationship between a woman's lived reality in French North Africa and the production of orientalist fantasy. De Lens may have created a "woman's Orient," but it was one particular to herself.</p>
 
<p>Aline R&eacute;veillaud de Lens (1881&ndash;1925), &eacute;crivain, peintre, patronne des arts indig&egrave;nes marocains, et ethnographe pendant la p&eacute;riode du Protectorat fran&ccedil;ais au Maroc, &eacute;tait la femme d'un officier du service coloniale. Au Maroc, elle s'est cr&eacute;&eacute; une vie &laquo; francomarocaine &raquo; ; les R&eacute;veillauds ont pr&eacute;f&eacute;r&eacute; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; indig&egrave;ne &agrave; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; coloniale. Mme. de Lens a adopt&eacute; des enfants marocains, et elle les a utilis&eacute;s comme mod&egrave;les ethnographiques dans ses romans orientalistes. Elle se pr&eacute;sentait comme &laquo; demi-musulmane &raquo; et comme membre de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; f&eacute;minine musulmane, une image diff&eacute;rente des voyageuses anglophones comme Edith Wharton, Lady Drummond Hay et Mary Wortley Montague. L'histoire de sa vie et son &oelig;uvre illuminent la sociabilit&eacute; franco-musulmane pendant le Protectorat de Hubert Lyautey (1912&ndash;25), les paradoxes de sa politique d'association, et &laquo; l'Orient des femmes &raquo; dans l'Afrique du Nord fran&ccedil;aise.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Amster, E.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["The Harem Revealed" and the Islamic-French Family: Aline de Lens and a French Woman's Orient in Lyautey's Morocco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>312</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>279</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>Articles</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/313?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[News]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/313?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-2-313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[News]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>313</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>313</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/315?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Recent Books and Dissertations on French History]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/2/315?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Sussman, S.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-2-315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent Books and Dissertations on French History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>2</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>340</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>315</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>News and Publications</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/1?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Christine de Pizan, Isabeau of Bavaria, and Female Regency]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>What motivated Christine de Pizan's <I>Book of the City of Ladies</I>? This essay argues that the poet's defenses of women were intended to train readers how to envisage the role of Queen Isabeau of Bavaria, who presided over the royal council when her husband, King Charles VI, suffered bouts of madness. Christine's examples of women who ruled in the name of their husbands, sons, and fathers and her references to the ultimate coregent, the Virgin Mary, support female coregency as outlined in Charles VI's ordinances, that is, coregency by a sure guardian of royal authority against the threats posed by the king's male relatives. Although Christine insisted on the female aptitude for power, she never urged that women be allowed to rule in their own names, nor did she appeal for powers that they did not already possess under customary law as representatives of their husbands, sons, or fathers.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Adams, T.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Christine de Pizan, Isabeau of Bavaria, and Female Regency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>32</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>1</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>ARTICLES</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/33?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA["A Reserved Place"? English Catholic Exiles and Contested Space in Late-Sixteenth-Century Paris]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/33?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>English and Scottish Catholic exiles interacted with the complex urban environment of late-sixteenth-century Paris in a variety of ways. Historians usually concentrate on their contribution to the radical polemic that accompanied the rise of the Catholic League. This approach can be complemented with an examination of the ways in which they established or claimed physical space for themselves. The parish church of Saints-Cosme-et-Damien and Coll&egrave;ge Mignon were key venues for such efforts. Both were themselves contested spaces within the French capital. In pursuing space for themselves on the Left Bank, the exiles became embroiled in the confessional conflicts of the sixteenth century. The strategies that they and other competing parties employed drew on established precedent while also taking advantage of contemporary jurisdictional quarrels within Paris and of wider religious and political instability. In fact, the already contested nature of these spaces offered new opportunities to the exiles.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gibbons, K.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA["A Reserved Place"? English Catholic Exiles and Contested Space in Late-Sixteenth-Century Paris]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>62</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>33</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>ARTICLES</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/63?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[La citoyenne in the World: Hubertine Auclert and Feminist Imperialism]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/63?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>Hubertine Auclert founded the feminist newspaper <I>La citoyenne</I> in 1881, primarily to advocate French women's suffrage and full citizenship. The periodical also looked beyond national borders, presaging later feminists' interest in women and empire. The publication compared the circumstances of French women with those of women in other nations and cultures and in the colonies. Frequently concluding that French women held a preferable position, Auclert and her fellow writers also emphasized aspects of "uncivilized" women's lives and status that compared positively to those in the metropole. <I>La citoyenne</I> questioned France's level of civilization under a legal code that disenfranchised and subjugated its entire female population. The journalists thus disrupted the absolutes of supposedly civilized France and uncivilized colonies. Appropriating and adapting the era's anthropological hierarchies of civilization and race, Auclert and her contributors developed a feminist imperialism that challenged women's oppression both in the metropole and in the colonies, striving to subsume cultural differences into a feminist-influenced, universalized French identity.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Eichner, C. J.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[La citoyenne in the World: Hubertine Auclert and Feminist Imperialism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>84</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>63</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>ARTICLES</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/85?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[An Ambiguous Monument: Dakar's Colonial Cathedral of the Souvenir Africain]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/85?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>This article explores the conception, construction, and consecration of Dakar's cathedral of the Souvenir Africain between 1910 and 1936 and charts the evolution of the project in the context of religious and political "tensions of empire" in Senegal and in France. The Catholic mission of Senegambia billed the project as a patriotic memorial to the French who had died colonizing Africa and, after World War I, to all the African and French troops who had died fighting for France in Europe. The cathedral formed part of the missionaries' sustained and unsuccessful effort to convince the colonial administration of the value of their Catholic "civilizing mission." The lavish consecration in 1936 appeared to demonstrate that the Catholic mission and the colonial administration were close allies, but it in fact obscured their fundamentally different agendas, reflecting instead a metropolitan-based ideal of a "plus grande France." The Souvenir Africain was thus an ambiguous monument that represented two uneasy pairings: that of the Catholic Church and the colonial state, and that of French colonialists and the Africans they ruled.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Foster, E. A.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Ambiguous Monument: Dakar's Colonial Cathedral of the Souvenir Africain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>119</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>85</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>ARTICLES</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/121?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Les Annales de Lucien Febvre a Fernand Braudel: Entre epopee coloniale et opposition Orient/Occident]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/121?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ 
<p>Les fondateurs et directeurs des <I>Annales</I> ont largement partag&eacute; la culture coloniale de leur temps. A travers ses comptes rendus et en int&eacute;grant des collaborateurs issus du monde colonial, la revue a accord&eacute; une large place &agrave; la colonisation. Prestige de la Grande France, admiration pour l'&eacute;pop&eacute;e coloniale et l'&oelig;uvre des colons, mission civilisatrice, opposition s&eacute;culaire entre l'Orient et l'Occident caract&eacute;risent les articles de la revue qui int&egrave;gre ainsi pleinement l'id&eacute;ologie coloniale de l'&eacute;poque. Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch et Fernand Braudel ont accord&eacute; un grand cr&eacute;dit aux &eacute;crits de figures embl&eacute;matiques de la culture coloniale de l'&eacute;poque, Henri Labouret, Emile-F&eacute;lix Gautier, Augustin Bernard mais aussi &agrave; la psychologie des peuples d'Andr&eacute; Siegfried. Jusqu'&agrave; l'arriv&eacute;e d'une nouvelle g&eacute;n&eacute;ration dans les ann&eacute;es 1950, la revue a &eacute;t&eacute; peu attentive aux premi&egrave;res critiques d&eacute;non&ccedil;ant les abus de la colonisation, tout comme aux premi&egrave;res manifestations nationalistes.</p>
 ]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Paligot, C. R.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-2008-015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Les Annales de Lucien Febvre a Fernand Braudel: Entre epopee coloniale et opposition Orient/Occident]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>144</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>121</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>ARTICLES</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/145?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[News]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/145?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-1-145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[News]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>146</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>145</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/147?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Recent Articles on French History]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/147?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Herubel, J.-P. V. M.]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-1-147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent Articles on French History]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>161</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>147</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS</prism:section>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/163?rss=1">
<title><![CDATA[Abstracts]]></title>
<link>http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/32/1/163?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2009-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1215/00161071-32-1-163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abstracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Society for French Historical Studies</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>32</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>166</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate>2009-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>163</prism:startingPage>
<prism:section>NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS</prism:section>
</item>

</rdf:RDF>